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Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a condition that affects the intervertebral discs of the spine. These discs are soft, rubbery pads located between the vertebrae, which act as shock absorbers and provide flexibility to the spine. DDD is characterized by the gradual deterioration of these discs over time.
Classification
Classification
Degenerative Disc Disease can be classified in numerous ways including;Â
Grading - i.e. Grade I to V ranging from minimal to advanced.Â
Location - i.e. Cervical, Thoracic or LumbarÂ
 Disc involvement - i.e. Single level vs Multi level
Cause
Cause
The causes of DDD include;
AgingÂ
Trauma or InjuryÂ
Poor postureÂ
Inflammatory conditionsÂ
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
The risk factors for DDD include age, genetics, smoking, obesity, occupational factors such as jobs requiring heavy lifting, spinal abnormalities and gender.Â
Symptoms
Symptoms
Common symptoms of Degenerative Disc Disease include;Â
Back painÂ
Intermittent or Chronic painÂ
Radicular painÂ
WeaknessÂ
Numbness and TinglingÂ
Worsening pain with prolonged sitting
Occupational Therapy Specialism
Occupational Therapy Specialism
Occupational Therapists who specialise in assessing and treating people who have Degenerative Disc Disease are based in a branch of Occupational Therapy called Neurorehabilitation.
Common Difficulties associated with Degenerative Disc Disease
Common Difficulties associated with Degenerative Disc Disease
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) can lead to a variety of difficulties and challenges for individuals affected by the condition. The impact of DDD can vary depending on factors such as the severity of degeneration, the location of affected discs, and individual health. Common difficulties associated with degenerative disc disease include:
Persistent back pain is a hallmark difficulty for individuals with degenerative disc disease. The pain may range from mild to severe and can affect daily activities and quality of life.
Pain and stiffness associated with DDD can lead to a reduction in overall mobility. Individuals may find it challenging to move, bend, or twist comfortably.
Engaging in physical activities, especially those involving bending or lifting, may become difficult for individuals with degenerative disc disease.
As DDD progresses, functional limitations may emerge, impacting an individual's ability to perform routine tasks and activities of daily living.
Individuals with DDD may experience difficulties at work, particularly if their job involves heavy lifting, prolonged sitting, or other activities that exacerbate their symptoms.
Chronic pain associated with degenerative disc disease can interfere with sleep, leading to difficulties falling asleep or staying asleep.
Chronic pain and physical limitations can contribute to mood changes, including increased stress, anxiety, and even depression.
The combination of chronic pain, reduced mobility, and functional limitations can significantly impact an individual's overall quality of life.
Pain and mobility issues may lead to social withdrawal or isolation as individuals may find it challenging to participate in social activities.
Some individuals with degenerative disc disease may rely on pain medications for relief, and long-term use of these medications can pose challenges such as side effects and the risk of dependency.
Chronic pain and the resulting difficulties can affect relationships, as individuals may be less able to participate in family or social activities.
Individuals with degenerative disc disease may develop a fear of movement (kinesiophobia) due to the anticipation of pain. This fear can contribute to further physical limitations.
How can Occupational Therapy help?
How can Occupational Therapy help?
Occupational therapy can play a significant role in helping individuals with degenerative disc disease (DDD) manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life. Occupational therapists are trained to assess a person's abilities, limitations, and environmental factors to develop customized interventions. Here are ways in which occupational therapy can help individuals with degenerative disc disease:
Pain Management Strategies
 Occupational therapists can teach individuals with DDD techniques for managing pain, such as proper body mechanics, posture, and relaxation exercises.
They may provide education on pacing activities to avoid exacerbating symptoms and to ensure energy conservation.
Activity Modification
Occupational therapists can assist individuals in modifying daily activities to reduce strain on the spine. This may involve teaching alternative techniques for lifting, bending, and reaching.
They can recommend adaptive equipment or assistive devices that make activities of daily living (ADLs) more manageable.
Ergonomic Assessment
Occupational therapists can evaluate workstations and home environments to ensure optimal ergonomics. Proper ergonomics can reduce strain on the spine during various activities.
Recommendations may include adjustments to chair height, keyboard and mouse placement, and other workplace modifications.
Functional Mobility Training
Occupational therapists work on improving overall mobility and functional capacity. This may involve exercises to enhance strength, flexibility, and coordination.
Mobility training can focus on specific movements needed for daily activities, such as getting in and out of bed or a chair.
Joint Protection Techniques
Individuals with DDD may benefit from learning joint protection techniques to minimize stress on the spine during activities.
Techniques may include proper body mechanics, joint splinting, and advice on using assistive devices.
Coping Strategies
Occupational therapists can help individuals develop coping strategies to manage the emotional and psychological aspects of living with chronic pain.
They may provide relaxation techniques, stress management strategies, and support in developing a positive mindset.
Assistive Devices
Occupational therapists can recommend and train individuals on the use of assistive devices that can make daily activities more manageable, such as walkers, canes, or reachers.
Home Modifications
Occupational therapists can assess the home environment and recommend modifications to enhance safety and accessibility. This may include changes to furniture placement, bathroom modifications, or the addition of handrails.
Education and Self-Management
Providing education on DDD, its management, and self-care strategies is a crucial aspect of occupational therapy. This empowers individuals to take an active role in their well-being.
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